1.  How did the office of the president become more powerful during WWI?


2. What was the purpose of the War Industries Board? (WIB)

•     Est. under Bernard Baruch to encourage companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency
•     To standardize production of goods
•     To eliminate waste
•     To set production quotas & allocate raw materials.
•     Increase production 20%
•     prices held (wholesale) and prices skyrocketed at retail levels

   
3. What did other Federal Agencies do?

•     Railroad Administration controlled RRs
•     Fuel Administration regulated coal supplies, rationed gas, heating oil
•     Instituted Daylight Savings time to make use of longer days in Summer.
•     National War Labor Board decided labor disputes. Cooperate or lose your draft exemption.
•     Pushed 8 hour work day, safety inspections and ban on child labor

4.  How did the war affect the economy?

•     Hourly wages rose 20% but prices rose highes; esp food and housing
•     Corporations had enormous profits
•     Workers were encouraged to work faster and longer hours
•     Child labor continued
•     More than 6,000 strikes resulted
•     Workers were told: Work or Fight

   
5.  How did the Food Administration govern conservation of food stuff?

•     Herbert Hoover: voluntary campaign "gospel of the clean plate"
•     One day a week: meatless, wheatless, porkless
•     Home owners encouraged to plant victory gardens
•     Result: food shipment to allies tripled

6.  How did we pay for the war?

•     Excise taxes on tobacco, lliquor, luxory goods
•     war profits tax
•     progressive income tax
•     Victory Loan bonds sold
•     Pressure to buy, don't be a friend of Germany

   
7. How were the minds and hearts of Americans controlled?

•     Committee on Public Information

•     led by former Muckraker: George Creel
•     artists and ad agencies made series of posters, cartoons, paitings, sculptures to promote war
•     75,000 recruited as '4 minute men' to give speaches on why we were fighting, rationing, Being         American, etc to sell bonds
•     How and why we were at war made into pamphlets and movies (Hang the Kaiser films)-
  
• handed out by Boy Scouts

      
8. How were personal freedoms curtailed?

•     Anti-immigration hysteria
•     Main targets: Germans, Austrians, Hungarians
•     All music, food etc of those nations- banned or renamed: (Hamburger = Liberty Steak)
•     Schools stopped teaching German
•     Espionage & Sedition Act passed: no speaking against the war or government

•         10,000 fine; 20 yrs jail
•     2000+ prosecutions; half convicted

•         IWW labor leaders arrested for sabotaging war effort (strikes for better conditons)
•         Eugene V, Debs, Socialist Labor leader (spoke against the draft + war)

       
9. The war changed lives at home:

•     W.E.B, Du Bois supported the war; fighting for democracy abroad would lead to freedom & equality at home.
•     Other Black leaders opposed supporting a Racist Government of you are a victim of racism.

•         Most Blacks supported the war.
•     Labor shortages at home led to factories recruiting black workers from South.
•     Hundreds of thousands migrated to Northern cities: worked in steel mills, munitions plants, stockyards
•     Believed there would be less discrimination

•         Woman worked men's jobs on docks, railroads, as cooks.
•         Women volunteerd for Red Cross & selling war bonds
•         Hoped to get public support for suffrage movement.

10.  International Flu Pandemic hit US 1918. (Bird Flu)

•         25% of US was sick.
•         Many died.
•         Phone service shut down, stores took orders through closed doors.
•         Casket shortages.
•         In army more than 25% caught the flu; 1/3 died.
•         Spread around world with troops.
•         500,000 Americans died. 30 million world wide.