15.3 The New Deal affects many groups
1. How did the New Deal affect Women?
- Frances Perkins: first female cabinet member: Sec of
Labor
- FDR appointed 2 female diplomats & 2 female federal
judges
- 82% Americans still did not want wives to work
- NRA codes set lower for women than for men
- CCC hired only men
- Number of working women grew slightly
2. How did the New Deal affect African Americans?
- Activism grew
- A. Philip Randolph organized first all black trade
union:
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car porters
- FDR appointed 100+ African Americans to kep positions
- Mary McLeod Bethune, educator, headed division of negro
affairs
of NYA
- Bethune also organized black cabinet advisors on racial
issues
- Bethune helped organize many cultural events
- inc. Marian Anderson performance at Lincoln Memorial
- FDR failed to support civil rights bill to end poll tax
& lynching
- afraid to alienate southern white dem vote
- NRA, CCC & TVA discriminated against blacks
- Blacks support FDR as best hope
- 1936 begins swing to Dem party
3. How did the New Deal affect Mexican Americans?
- many had come to the US in the 20s for farm labor
- unprotected job paid as little as 9 cents per hr
- rec'd little help from New Deal but generally supported
FDR
- despite discrimination & violence
4. How did the New Deal affect Native Americans?
- Full citizenship came in 1924
- John Collier apptd to head Indian Affairs 1933
- Created Indian Reorg. Act
- Moved away from assimilation (Dawes Act)
- reduced # of forced boarding schools; reopened schools
on res. lands
- tribes gained rt to elect tribal councils to self
govern res.
5. What was the New Deal Coalition?
- alignment of diverse groups who supported Dem party
- Southern whites, urban groups, minorities, unionized
workers
- worked together to control politics in 30s & 40s
6. How did labor unions fare under New Deal?
- considered a friend of labor due to Wagner Act
- union membership grew
- key labor leaders, unable to break into the AFL which
was restricted to craft unions
- formed Congress of Idustrial Orgs (CIO)
- allowed all industrial workers: miners, factory, etc
7. What happened with labor disputes during this time?
- New bargaining tactic: Sit Down Strike
- workers stay in plants, at machines, not working
- prevents strike breakers taking posts
- some violent clashes
- 1937 Republic Steel in Chi;
- workers beaten by police
- 10 killed; 84 wounded
- Memorial Day Massacre
- National Lobor Relations Board stepped in
& forced Republic Steel to negotiate with union
8. How did the New Deal affect the turnout of the 1936
election?
- support for FDR grew in northern cities
- support for FDR strong among Catholics, Jews, Italians,
Irish, Polish, Slavs, African Americans
- mostly due to labor laws and work relief programs